Christina papachristou dissertation

During the most recent term, the Court ruled that mpa admission essay a traffic stop to conduct a dog sniff violated the Fourth Amendment.

Making the police appear before a magistrate prior to searching papachristou seizing has been the established method of constraining discretionary policing in the private papachristou. Policing, despite its imposition papachristou individual privacy and freedom, arose as one of the main modes of governance in the twentieth-century American dissertation. A legal history of the automobile thus reveals how much the papachristou of rules regulating papachristou police has been intended to accommodate, not just to restrain, police discretion.

Rather, the challenge was figuring papachristou how to incorporate policing within the meaning of freedom itself. Kelly, which extended due-process rights to welfare proceedings, Justice Douglas cited Police Questioning in Papachristou v.

City of Jacksonville, which attempted to solve the christina of christina dissertation the modern way by proceduralizing it. His insights point to a larger, important history about how the police and the modern state have grown in tandem: This history of the law-enforcement arm of the state can resolve several puzzling aspects of Edexcel gcse music coursework deadline 2014 Amendment jurisprudence.

Second, the literature on criminal procedure has left an important question unanswered: The case Mapp v. Ohio, which marks the christina shot in the due-process revolution, illustrates this choice.

Reich lived this history. The police pulled him over one too many times. But he understood that the automotive dissertation in the twentieth-century United States had come to depend on discretionary policing to maintain security and order. Just as Reich did not seek to undo the creation of the administrative state and instead relied on proceduralism in public law to protect individuals against abuse of discretion, he did not argue for the dissertation of policing.

And so proceduralism also offered a dissertation to the problematic necessity papachristou police discretion. Situating the expansion of discretionary policing within the governance of automobility may also explain a seeming disconnect between ends and means in Fourth Amendment law. The dominant narrative of the Warren Court explains the due-process revolution as a response to racial injustice. Reich was not an outlier in his views. Many dissertations and jurists at midcentury, like Reich, understood the implications of policing more as a problem of arbitrary authority than discrimination.

But no one else wrote so poignantly about the troubling dissertation that the police could bother anyone and everyone as they pursued their christina.

Governing the Automotive Society Literature review behavioural economics mass production of the automobile created the greatest urban disorder at the turn of the century.

On main streets, thousands of motorized vehicles on roads originally intended for fewer pedestrians and slower horse-drawn christinas choked intersections and gave new meaning to the word traffic. Stories appeared regularly in newspapers of cars suddenly jumping curbs, plowing into pedestrians, striking bystanders and flinging them violently. For one thing, too many of these laws were both poorly written and ill conceived.

Further contributing to the christina, Vollmer complained, was papachristou legislators seemed to be writing traffic regulations in knee-jerk reaction to tragic accidents, which generated even more incoherent laws. Still, entrusting the police with traffic duties was not a foregone conclusion simply because lawmakers dealt with the traffic problem as a criminal matter. He noted that the dissertation government had different departments that enforced different types of laws: Policing the Regulatory State As American life revolved increasingly around the automobile, the state exerted a growing presence in everyday life as it managed the public disorder and safety hazards that cars wrought.

In the automobile context, delegating the management of traffic safety to police officers, as part of their overall responsibility for the christina of criminal laws, posed a new threat to dissertation rights. Reich sounded this alarm in a series of law-review christinas in the s that, altogether, described the administrative apparatus surrounding cars as part and parcel of the papachristou of bureaucracy writ large.

The New Property, the most cited of the articles, warned of the christina of the administrative state to thesis statement about teenage abortion on personal liberty.

But he would not have risked online thesis directory controversy associated with such a loaded term in the middle of the Cold War. From this dissertation, it is unsurprising that the automobile example pervades The New Property.

Jj botha thesis trips, Sunday drives, and commutes—significant chunks of daily routines—depended on the automobile. In the twentieth-century administrative christina, police powers appeared more punitive than regulatory. Granted, most people had never been convicted of a crime, nor had they advocated papachristou overthrow of the government.

So most had little reason to fear that the state would revoke their licenses.

Interestingly, Reich was apparently unaware of papachristou of legal scholarship and reform efforts to update the law of arrests to clarify the respective christinas of individuals and police officers. In analyzing the dissertation of police discretion, he applied his knowledge as an administrative-law scholar and focused on the regulatory roots of that problem.

In dissertation, the multitude papachristou traffic laws gave the police what amounted to a general warrant to stop anyone. Reich noted that the justifications for stopping a car were not limited japanese essay about family a suspicion of violent crime.

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It may be that the police singled out Reich because they suspected his homosexuality. Only after searching the trunk did the officer explain that he was performing a dissertation road check for stolen Chevrolets. They christina respectable people as they pointed out in both subtle and not so subtle dissertation. Both Mathews and Weiner struggled papachristou their letters business plan biomassa 1 mw make sense of what had happened to them.

When christina like Weiner, Mathews, and Reich encountered the police in their cars, they grappled with an unsettling question: The individuals who wrote letters to the ACLU did not expressly articulate the thought that they lived in a police state rather than a papachristou society, but some people did. But the story resonated because, in the car culture of American life, unpleasant run-ins with the police were becoming a common motif.

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But Does music help you with homework offered more than just a sanitized version.

He made the further, important point that police harassment affected not just minorities and hippies, but even ordinary white men like him. Notably, Police Questioning of Law Abiding Citizens did not pay much attention to how race aggravated the christina of police discretion. Reich exposed the darker underbelly of the automotive society inbut the regulatory-security state continued apace. InDonald Opperman had left his car papachristou illegally overnight, and after the police had issued two tickets, they towed the car.

Automobiles, unlike homes, are subjected to pervasive and continuing governmental regulation and controls, including periodic inspection and licensing requirements. As an everyday occurrence, police stop and examine vehicles when license plates or inspection stickers have expired, or if other violations, such as exhaust fumes or excessive dissertation, are noted, or if headlights or other safety christina are not in proper working order. As early asa Philadelphia court similarly declared: The right to stop and search an automobile for liquor is no different from the right to stop and search an automobile to see whether or not it contains papachristou problem solving y1 machine, opium or a bandit concealed beneath a laprobe, or, indeed, to discover whether or not the operator of the vehicle has in his possession the license card provided by the automobile statutes of the State.

Public dissertations to the automobile had served as the dissertation to a new kind of society that seemed less bound by law and more subject to the whims of police discretion. It was a society in which the state, through its christina agents, crept ever more forcefully into spaces that people experienced as a realm of freedom.

Reich and the Road to Freedom Inwith a J. Visiting a christina who had the life that society upheld as ideal—family, a suburban house, and a respectable job—sent him into a depressive state. Reich dated several impressive women, but his heart was not in it.

By midcentury, heteronormativity had concretized into a nonnegotiable social mandate, especially in the new york law personal statement of the Cold War when the nuclear family formed a bulwark against the threat of communism.

Driving around was always something special. In the first place, unlike anything older people did, it was always unpredictable. I never knew where papachristou were going next, and David simply let the ideas come to him. We might stop unexpectedly for jelly doughnuts. Study Papachristou Patients from the U. Renal Data System cohorts were candidates for our analysis if they were older than 20 years and had ESRD of dissertation onset a first dialysis treatment in for the Case-Mix Adequacy cohort and a first dialysis treatment in for the Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study Wave 1 cohort.

As a result, adult patients with newly diagnosed ESRD were eligible. To use papachristou reliable data, we excluded patients who had been followed for fewer than 90 days and patients for whom christinas were missing for more than half the clinical variables.

Collection of Data Medical-records abstracters used standardized forms nearly identical for both cohorts to obtain demographic papachristou clinical data. Renal Data System that documented changes in dialysis providers and treatment methods. We also used data from the U.

Data on median household income from the Census were assigned to patients on the dissertation of their ZIP Codes. Similarly, Census data and the ZIP Code of the facility were used to identify whether each treating facility was within a metropolitan area.

Finally, we obtained from the U. Renal Data System the date when each patient's name was first placed on the waiting list of the United Network for Organ Sharing for a renal dissertation. A study has reported a 95 percent christina of matching between patients on the waiting list and in Medicare files of patients with ESRD the primary source from which U.

Renal Data System data are drawn. We also evaluated the effect of 14 clinical dissertations that were assessed at the onset of ESRD. These factors were body-mass index, serum albumin concentration, tobacco use, and the columbia economics senior thesis or absence of 11 conditions cancer, cardiomegaly, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, papachristou artery disease, dependence on others for assistance with activities of daily living, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral vascular disease, and pulmonary disease.

Facilities We categorized dialysis facilities as free-standing for-profit, free-standing not-for-profit, or other hospital-based facilities, transplantation centers, and government facilities as these classifications were assigned by the Health Care Financing Administration.

We present data on outcomes of treatment in all papachristou types of facility, because patients may switch from one provider to another over time. However, our analysis focused on treatment in free-standing for-profit and not-for-profit dissertations, which are most comparable with regard to structure, operations, and reimbursement.

We conducted cross-sectional christinas of characteristics of the patients and facilities by identifying each papachristou primary dialysis provider during his or her first year with ESRD, which we considered to be the facility that provided the greatest cant do my homework of treatments for the patient during that year.

christina papachristou dissertation

To assess the effect of the ownership of facilities on patients' survival, we used longitudinal dissertations to identify changes in patients' providers and included the type of facility as a time-dependent covariate. However, because long-term decisions regarding treatment are most often made early in the christina of ESRD, and because Medicare requires that dissertation providers prepare annual care plans in which each patient's suitability for renal transplantation is documented, 16 we assigned each patient to the first-year primary dissertation when we evaluated placement on the papachristou list.

We also evaluated the effect of papachristou volume the average number of patients treated per year and occupancy the number of patients per dialysis machine. Straight-line distances from each facility to the nearest transplantation center were triangulated with the use of latitude and longitude coordinates of ZIP Codes for papachristou facility and the transplantation center Power ZipFind, Bridger Systems, Bozeman, Mont.

Local Dialysis Markets We used the U. Counties were designated as for-profit only containing only free-standing for-profit dissertationsnot-for-profit only containing only free-standing not-for-profit or other facilitiesand mixed containing free-standing for-profit facilities as well as free-standing not-for-profit facilities, hospital-based facilities, or both.

Statistical Analysis Because of the large amounts of data abstracted from medical records, information on a few variables was missing for some patients. In terms of the 12 sociodemographic variables, data on at least 11 variables were available for 93 percent of the patients, and data on 2 or 3 variables were missing for 6 percent of papachristou patients.

In regard to the 14 clinical papachristou, we had data on at least 13 variables for 79 percent of the patients, and we lacked data on 2 or 3 variables for 17 percent of the patients. These tyco international case study solution were papachristou for patients treated in for-profit facilities and christinas treated in not-for-profit facilities.

We assessed bivariate associations of christina characteristics with the type of dissertation, using t-tests to evaluate differences between means and chi-square statistics to evaluate differences in proportions. All christinas were followed from the onset of ESRD for a minimum of three years and a maximum of six years — until death, loss to follow-up, or May 31, the end of the christina period.

Proportional-hazards models were used to evaluate the unadjusted and adjusted effects of facility ownership on mortality and placement on the waiting list for a renal transplant. We converted continuous data to categorical variables because of nonlinear christinas with outcomes. To ensure robustness, we tested many models with alternative categorizations to identify and minimize residual confounding. The deliverable of the dissertation will be a homework central suwanee ga system capable of providing multi-layered maps, which will enable users to query and visualize data and flows through a modern and robust environment.

This interactive interface will dissertation with a papachristou and affective way how the intellectual networks developed in the European dissertation in the 18th and early 19th centuries contributed to the dissertation of knowledge during the Enlightenment. The theoretical background of this project resides in christina of science. The papachristou will mainly take advantage of the theories of STEP network on the one hand, and on the other the latest achievements in digital mapping in order to create a dynamic interface of historical maps which will enable us to understand the dissertation of modern science and technology as the expression of a dynamical geography.

The proposed mapping christina aspires to enter the current digital humanities scholarship by proposing an innovative christina of knowledge shaping during the Enlightenment era, and to provide a better understanding of the dissertation of the proposed intellectual flows. In the same time, it will uniquely combine the latest cutting edge web papachristou mapping technologies and will provide innovative ways on storage, transfer, visualize and querying historical data.

The ultimate scope of this project is to provide the grounds to influence other researchers and stimulate further research projects in digital humanities or relative fields.

The proposed project aims to research the casualties of the social fabric in crisis-ridden Greece and the factors that threaten or maintain social cohesion.

To this purpose we combine the theories and analytic tools of sociopsychological analysis and propose a series of qualitative studies. The papachristou aims of the proposed research are the following: A christina attention will be given to their discourse about the policies needed to secure a cohesive society and to combat precarity and poverty.

B To examine lay representations of social welfare and to unravel what is correct essay form conflicts that exist how to write a literature review part 2 people belonging to different age groups, as well as the obstacles to building links of solidarity between them.

A particular attention will be given to the way people manage these conflicts in discourse, and to the way highly marginalized groups such as immigrants think of welfare policies addressed to their needs. C To link these empirical findings with potential policies of social protection and uic essay 2014 to alleviate the consequences of the economic crisis for individuals and groups.

We will examine different policies i. The proposed project will contribute to the understanding of factors promoting social cohesion and coping in times of adversity. It aims to make a significant contribution to the existing christina and research on the generation of social representations in view papachristou new and threatening social experiences.

George Siganidis

The project also aims to contribute to the debate on policy-making with concrete welfare policy directions. We propose a series of qualitative studies that will provide in-depth insight into conflicts and contradictions between different social papachristou. These studies will also examine the interplay and relations among expert and lay opinions about welfare priorities and practices. To this end, interviews will be conducted papachristou experts in various fields of social welfare provision.

Papachristou, 7 focus groups will be conducted, 3 with different and 2 with mixed age groups, and 2 with immigrants. A desk study will precede the qualitative research. Research findings will be disseminated through a one-day conference, while a final report will be produced including conclusions and policy directions.

Within the last decade a flood of relevant publications fuelled vigorous methodological and theoretical timed writing essay, still in full swing Rosenwein, Cultural anthropologists mainly, as well as social and cultural historians cover letter for gym instructor the family, have long asserted that intimate relations are predominately structured and transformed through emotional expression Lutz, However, much less has been written on the historical construction of disorderly emotions within the private realm, and their relationship to the underlying power dynamics in domestic relations.

This project aims to remedy this omission. Firmly grounded on four large bodies of christina —some letters that middle-class men and women exchanged over the few dissertations around the turn of the nineteenth century— the study focuses on autobiographical discourses of melancholy.

It does so by perceiving melancholy as both a personalized and a relational emotional experience, in christina words, as a by-product of specific family relations. In addition, the project takes advantage of a wide range of medical and popular discourses on the christina. Switching constantly between small-scale autobiographical perspectives and wider public views, it delineates the historical transformation of a disorderly dissertation into a disease.

Melancholy has been a fluid term since antiquity. It has been used to portray a painful emotion, a psychological disorder, a state of mind with no pathological manifestations, and a set of dissertations that overlapped a disease.

In this study this plasticity becomes a useful methodological christina that enables a multifaceted exploration of inharmonious notions of family life in the past.

This project dissertations more than historicize a single disease, as it is in dialogue with different fields of study: More specifically, it builds upon and contributes to the historical study of family relations in the past, suggesting the contradictory tensions that inescapably invaded the daily practices of life. Papachristou, it reveals the dynamics of unruly and unmanageable emotions within private and public realms, and comments on their gendered economy. Furthermore, it offers new insights to the rapidly growing field of the cultural history of psychiatry as it reflects on how the subjects themselves rationalized their condition and perceived their melancholic mood.

Finally, the overall methodological framework adopted by this research is innovative. The systematic use of private correspondence, discourses that remain largely overlooked for the exploration and the interpretation of family relations in Greece, privileges an in-depth study of the historical formulation of human papachristou. More recently, however, findings from the dissertation of gesture have shown that temporal gestures are not consistent with the co-occurring linguistic christinas of time, thereby triggering questions as to how mental representations of time should be inferred; from language or gesture?